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"深度伪造"是人工智能技术进步的产物之一,它运用的"生成对抗网络"技术被用户快速普及,对其滥用则会威胁国家安全、个人和企业的合法权益,它严重影响了信息安全,挑战了新闻真实性原则和用户追求真相的价值观。本文在厘清其内涵和技术特质的基础上,研讨以智能技术方式治理"深度伪造"的政府与社会组织的参与模式,并结合英美正在热议的相关立法提案,探究依法治理"深度伪造"的法律可能以及政府、平台、用户等多利益方共同治理的新模式。
Abstract：(1)AMY MITCHELL and other authors,Many Americans Say Made-Up News Is a Critical Problem That Needs To Be Fixed.https://www.journalism.org/2019/06/05/many-am eri cans-say-made-u p-news-is-a-critic al-problem-that-need s-to-be-frxed/
(2)Drew Harwell,Top AI researchers race to detect'deepfake'videos:'We are outgunned'。June 13,2019https://www.washingto npost.com/technology/2019/06/12/top-ai-researchers-racedetect-deep fake-videos-we-are-outgunne d/
(3)John Brandon,"Terrifying high-tech porn:Creepy Meepfake'videos are on the rise"。Fox News.Retrieved 20 February 2018。
(4)Corin Faife,In Africa,Fear of State Violence Informs Deepfake Threat.December 9,2019。https://blog.witness.org/201 9/12/africa-fear-state-violence-inf orms-deepfake-threat/
(5)Daniel R.Coats.Statement for the Record:2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community[EB/OL],https://www.odni.gov/index.php/newsroom/congressional-testimonies/item/1947-statement-fo r-the-record-worldwide-threat-assessment-of-the-us-intelligence-community
(6)出品方为Changsha Shenduronghe Network Technology Co.,Ltd.
(7)Monika Bickert(Vice President,Global Policy Management),Enforcing Against Manipulated Media January 6,2020.https://about.fb.com/news/2020/01/enforcing-against-manipulated-media/
(8)原文是:the term'deep fake'means an audiovisual record created or altered in a manner that the record would falsely appear to a reasonable observer to be an authentic record of the actual speech or conduct of an individual.S.3805-Malicious Deep Fake Prohibition Act of 2018.https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/3 805/text.
(9)Drew Harwell,Top AI researchers race to detect Meepfake'videos:'We are outgunned'。June 13,2019https://www.washingto npost.com/technology/2019/06/12/top-ai-researchers-racedetect-deepfake-videos-we-are-outgunned/
(10)Tom Chivers,What do we do about deepfake video?23 Jun 2019,https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jun/23/what-do-we-do-about-deep fake-video-ai-facebook
(11)https://www.learnopen cv.com/face-swap-using-opencv-c-python/
(12)Katyanna Quach,FYI:There's now an AI app that generates convincing fake smut vids using celebs'faces.25Jan 2018.https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/01/25/ai_fake_skin_flicks/
(13)Katyanna Quach,It took us less than 30 seconds to find banned'deepfake'AI smut on the internet,9 Feb 2018,https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/02/09/deepfake_ai/
(14)https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/gydydm/gal-gadot-fake-ai-porn.Dec12 2017
(15)https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.01083
(16)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1b5aiTrGzY
(17)Report on the implementation of the Action Plan Against Disinformation https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/joint_report_on_disinformation.pdf
(18)https://www.theguardian.com/tec hnology/20 19/jun/23/what-do-we-doabout-deep fake-video-ai-facebook
(19)Drew Harwell,Top AI researchers race to detect'deepfake'videos:'We are outgunned'。June 13,2019https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/06/12/top-ai-researchers-race-detect-deepfake-videos-we-are-outgunn ed/
(20)Rowan Zellers.etc,Defending Against Neural Fake News.https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.12616.pdf
(21)Tom Chivers,What do we do about deepfake video?23 Jun 2019,https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jun/23/what-do-we-do-about-de epfake-video-ai-facebook
(22)Online Harms White Paper(April2019)https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/793360/Online_Harms_White_Paper.pdf
(23)Tom Chivers,What do we do about deepfake video?23 Jun 2019,https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jun/23/what-do-we-do-about-dee pfake-video-ai-facebook
(24)US Congress holds hearing on"deepfakes"and artificial intelligence,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lArPEDSOGTA
(25)S.3805-Malicious Deep Fake Prohibition Act of 2018.https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/3805/text
(26)Kaveh Waddell,Lawmakers plunge into deepfake war.Jan 31 2019.https://www.axios.com/deepfake-laws-fb5de200-1bfe-4aaf-9c93-19c0ba16d744.html
(27).R.3230-Defending Each and Every Person from False Appearances by Keeping Exploitation Subject to Accountability Act of 2019.https://www.congress,gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3230
(28)US Congress holds hearing on"deepfakes"and artificial intelligeince。https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lArPEDSOGTA
(29)Makena Kelly,Congress grapples with how to regulate deepfakes,Jun 13,2019,https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/13/18677847/deep-fakes-regulation-facebook-adam-schiff-congress-artificial-intelligence
(30)大量公号文用简单的模仿、复制在制造出“新闻”,如微信公众号“人民路56号”发表的文章《世界失控、华商太难……就这样炮制出来》,https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/dGeF3xYAqYByC5mUAwzvlA
(31)曹建峰:《深度伪造技术的法律挑战及应对》,《信息安全与通信保密杂志》,2019年第10期。
基本信息:
中图分类号:G206
引用信息:
[1]陈昌凤,徐芳依.智能时代的“深度伪造”信息及其治理方式[J].新闻与写作,2020,No.430(04):66-71.
基金信息:
国家社科基金重大项目“智能时代的信息价值观引领研究”的阶段性成果,项目号：18ZDA307
2020-04-05
2020-04-05