| 4,099 | 24 | 66 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
本研究发展了公众对人工智能态度的多维度概念框架,从个人体验(情感和行为倾向)和社会认知(收益认知和风险认知)两个层面作出区分,并以对上海居民的随机抽样调查为例,实证分析中国场景下公众对人工智能的态度及其影响因素。研究发现:上海居民对人工智能的态度在个人情感和行为倾向层面温和积极,在社会影响层面的收益认知总体高于风险认知;对人口学变量、人工智能知识水平、生成式人工智能接触以及媒体接触对人工智能态度的具体影响进行检验,结果显示高教育、高人工智能知识水平群体虽感知到社会风险,在个人层面仍持积极态度。生成式人工智能接触经历虽正向影响情感和行为倾向,却亦存在“去神秘化”效应,预测了更低的社会收益认知。研究还首次揭示出中国公众对待人工智能态度的四种类型“:矛盾型“”谨慎型“”乐观型”和“冷漠型”,证实了从概念上区分个人体验与社会认知的重要性,提示公众的人工智能态度是多维度综合权衡的结果。
Abstract:(1)史忠植、师昌绪:《高级人工智能》,北京:科学出版社,1998年。
(2)Bao,L.,et al.,"Whose AI?How different publics think about AI and its social impacts",Computers in Human Behavior,vol.130,no.4,2022,Article 107182.
(3)The Guardian,“‘Godfather of AI’Geoffrey Hinton quits Google and warns over dangers of misinformation”,2023-05,https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/02/geoffrey-hinton-godfather-of-ai-quits-google-warns-dangers-of-machine-learning.
(4) Allport,G.W.,“Attitudes”,in C.Murchison,eds.,A handbook of social psychology,Clark University Press,1935.pp.798-844.
(5)Lippmann,W.,“The world outside and the pictures in our heads”,in Public opinion,the Macmillan Company,1922,pp.3-34.
(6) Lazarsfeld,P.F.,Berelson,B.and Gaudet,H.,The people's choice:How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign,Columbia University Press,1948.
(7)Katz,E.and Lazarsfeld,P.F.,Personal influence:The part played by people in the flow of mass communications,The Free Press,1955.
(8) Hovland,C.I.,Janis,I.l.and Kelley,H.H.,Communication and persuasion,Yale University Press,1953.
(9) Sherif,M.and Hovland,C.I.,Social judgment:Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change,Yale University Press,1961.
(10) Festinger,L.,"Some attitudinal consequences of forced decisions",Acta Psychologica,vol.15,1959,pp.389-390.
11 Rosenberg,M.J.,et al.,Attitude organization and change:An analysis of consistency among attitude components,Yale University Press,1960.
12Chaffee,S.H.and Roser,C.,"Involvement and the consistency of knowledge,attitudes,and behaviors",Communication research,vol.13,no.3,1986,pp.373-399.
13Likert,R.,"A technique for the measurement of attitudes",Archives of Psychology,vol.140,no.22,1932,pp.5-53.
14Searle,J.R.,"Minds,brains,and programs",Behavioral and Brain Sciences,vol.3,no.3,1980,pp.417-424.
15周葆华:《或然率资料库:作为知识新媒介的生成智能Chat GPT》,《现代出版》2023年第2期,第21-32页。
16Kim,S.W.and Lee,Y.,"Investigation into the influence of socio-cultural factors on attitudes toward artificial intelligence",Education and Information Technologies,vol.29,no.8,2023,pp.1-29.
17Schepman,A.and Rodway,P.,"Initial validation of the general attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale",Computers in human behavior reports,vol.1,no.2,2020,Article 100014.
18Sindermann,C.,et al.,"Assessing the attitude towards artificial intelligence:Introduction of a short measure in German,Chinese,and English language",KI-Künstliche intelligenz,vol.35,no.1,2021,pp.109-118.
19 Gillespie,N.,et al.,“Trust in artificial intelligence:A global study”,The University of Queensland&KPMG Australia,2023,https://ai.uq.edu.au/project/trust-artificial-intelligence-global-study.
20Bao,L.,et al.,"Whose AI?How different publics think about AI and its social impacts",Computers in Human Behavior,vol.130,no.4,2022,Article 107182.
21 Kozyreva A,Herzog S,Lorenz-Spreen P,et al.,“Artificial intelligence in online environments:Representative survey of public attitudes in Germany”,2020-02,https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_3188061/component/file_3195148/content.
22 Liao,Q.V.,Gruen,D.and Miller,S.,"Questioning the AI:informing design practices for explainable AI user experiences",Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems,2020,pp.1-15.
23 Eslami,M.,et al.,"User attitudes towards algorithmic opacity and transparency in online reviewing platforms",Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,2019,pp.1-14.
24 Wintersberger P,Frison A K,Riener A,et al.,"Do moral robots always fail?Investigating human attitudes towards ethical decisions of automated systems",The 26th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN),2017,pp.1438-1444.
25Ashfaq,M.,et al.,"I,Chatbot:Modeling the determinants of users'satisfaction and continuance intention of AI-powered service agents",Telematics and Informatics,vol.54,2020,Article 101473.
26Nordhoff,S.,et al.,"Acceptance of driverless vehicles:Results from a large cross-national questionnaire study",Journal of advanced transportation,no.1,2018,5382192.
27Henestrosa,A.L.,Greving,H.and Kimmerle,J.,"Automated journalism:The effects of AI authorship and evaluative information on the perception of a science journalism article",Computers in Human Behavior,vol.138,2023,Article 107445.
28 Tambe,P.,Cappelli,P.and Yakubovich,V.,"Artificial intelligence in human resources management:Challenges and a path forward",California Management Review,vol.61,no.4,2019,pp.15-42.
29 Trope Y,Liberman N.,“Construal-level theory of psychological distance”,Psychological review,vol.117,no.2,2010,pp.440-463.
30 Natale,Simone and Depounti,Iliana,"Artificial sociality",Human-Machine Communication Journal,vol.7,no.5,2024,pp.83-98.
31Guzman,A.l.and Lewis,S.C.,"Artificial intelligence and communication:A human-machine communication research agenda",New media&society,vol.22,no.1,2020,pp.70-86.
32Sundar,S.S.,"Rise of machine agency:A framework for studying the psychology of human-AI interaction (HAII)",Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,vol.25,no.1,2020,pp.74-88.
33黄楠、肖俊、张增一:《新冠肺炎疫情期间公众对人工智能的认知与态度--基于新浪微博内容的文本挖掘》,《科普研究》2021年第5期,第33-41+100-101页。
34王益君、董韵美:《公众对人工智能的认知与情感态度--以Chat GPT为例》,《知识管理论坛》2024年第1期,第16-29页。
35Sun,M.,Hu,W.and Wu,Y.,"Public perceptions and attitudes towards the application of artificial intelligence in journalism:From a China-based survey",Journalism Practice,vol.18,no.3,2024,pp.548-570.
36 Cui,D.and Wu,F.,"The influence of media use on public perceptions of artificial intelligence in China:evidence from an online survey",Information Development,vol.37,no.1,2021,pp.45-57.
37 Zhang,B.and Dafoe,A.,"Artificial intelligence:American attitudes and trends",Oxford,UK:Center for the Governance of AI,Future of Humanity Institute,University of Oxford,2019-01,https://cdn.governance.ai/Artificial_Intelligence_American_Attitudes_and_Trends.pdf,
38Gillespie,N.,et al.,Trust in artificial intelligence:A global study,The University of Queensland&KP-MG Australia,2023.
39 Liang,Y.and Lee,S.A.,"Fear of autonomous robots and artificial intelligence:Evidence from national representative data with probability sampling."International Journal of Social Robotics,no.9,2017,pp.379-384.
40Sindermann,C.,et al.,"Assessing the attitude towards artificial intelligence:Introduction of a short measure in German,Chinese,and English language",KI-Künstliche intelligenz,vol.35,no.1,2021,pp.109-118.
41 Kelley,P.G.,et al.,"Exciting,useful,worrying,futuristic:Public perception of artificial intelligence in 8countries",Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI,Ethics,and Society,2021,pp.627-637.
42Mantello,P.,et al.,"Bosses without a heart:socio-demographic and cross-cultural determinants of attitude toward Emotional AI in the workplace",AI&society,vol.38,no.1,2023,pp.97-119.
43 Zhang,B.and Dafoe,A.,"Artificial intelligence:American attitudes and trends",Oxford,UK:Center for the Governance of AI,Future of Humanity Institute,University of Oxford,2019-01,https://cdn.governance.ai/Artificial_Intelligence_American_Attitudes_and_Trends.pdf,.
44 Shin,M.,et al.,"Superhuman artificial intelligence can improve human decision-making by increasing novelty",Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,vol.120,no.12,2023,Article e2214840120.
45 Brennen,J.,"An industry-led debate:How UKmedia cover artificial intelligence",Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism,2018-12,https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:02126b4c-f4f9-4582-83a0-f8a9d9a65079/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_file name=Brennen%2B-%2BUK%2BMedia%2BCoverage%2Bof%2BAI%2BFINAL.pdf&type_of_work=Report.
46Chuan,C.H.,Tsai,W.H.S.and Cho,S.Y.,"Framing artificial intelligence in American newspapers",Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI,Ethics,and Society,2019,pp.339-344.
47 Brewer,P.R.,et al.,"Media use,interpersonal communication,and attitudes toward artificial intelligence",Science communication,vol.44,no.5,2022,pp.559-592.
48 Choi,S.,"Temporal framing in balanced news coverage of artificial intelligence and public attitudes".Mass Communication and Society,vol.27,no.2,2024,pp.384-405.
49Schepman,A.and Rodway,P.,"Initial validation of the general attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale",Computers in human behavior reports,vol.1,no.2,2020,Article 100014.
50 S Schepman,A.and Rodway,P.,"The General Attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS):Confirmatory validation and associations with personality,corporate distrust,and general trust",International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction,vol.39,no.13,2023,pp.2724-2741.
51Bao,L.,et al.,"Whose AI?How different publics think about AI and its social impacts",Computers in Human Behavior,vol.130,no.4,2022,Article 107182.
52 Pew Research Center,"Test your awareness of artificial intelligence in everyday life",2023-02,https://www.pewresearch.org/science/quiz/test-your-awareness-of-artificial-intelligence-in-everyday-life/results/?archetype=402b5cd46d3412d2b204b751c1844a20.
53消费者服务、音乐播放、医疗健康产品、网上购物、电子邮件设问的正确选项及其回答正确率分别为:“可穿戴健身追踪设备,用于分析运动和睡眠模式”(正确率:56.1%),“可立即回答用户问题的聊天机器人”(正确率:40.1%),“基于以前的购买进行产品推荐”(正确率:33.1%),“邮件服务将某个邮件归类为垃圾邮件”(正确率:15.8%),以及“播放列表推荐”(正确率:7.1%)。
54Magidson,J.and Vermunt,J.,"Latent class models for clustering:A comparison with K-means",Canadian journal of marketing research,vol.20,no.1,2002,pp.36-43.
55 Bholowalia,P.,&Kumar,A.,"EBK-means:Aclustering technique based on elbow method and k-means in WSN,"International Journal of Computer Applications,vol.105,no.9,2014.
56 Eagly,A.H.and Chaiken,S.,The Psychology of Attitudes,Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers,1993.
57 Pew Research Center,"How Americans think about artificial intelligence",2022-03,https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2022/03/17/how-americans-thinkabout-artificial-intelligence/.
58 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism,"What does the public in six countries think about generative AI in news?",2024-05,https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/what-does-public-six-countries-thinkgenerative-ai-news#header--3.
59Gerlich,M.,"Perceptions and acceptance of artificial intelligence:A multi-dimensional study",Social Sciences,vol.12,no.9,2023,Article 502.
60 Vu,H.T.and Lim,J.,"Effects of country and individual factors on public acceptance of artificial intelligence and robotics technologies:a multilevel SEM analysis of 28-country survey data",Behaviour&Information Technology,vol.41,no.7,2022,pp.1515-1528.
61 Zhai Y,Yan J,Zhang H,et al.“Tracing the evolution of AI:conceptualization of artificial intelligence in mass media discourse”,Information discovery and delivery,vol.48,no.3,2020,pp.137-149.
62 Lian,Y.,et al.,"Public attitudes and sentiments toward Chat GPT in China:A text mining analysis based on social media",Technology in Society,vol.76,2024,Article 102442.
基本信息:
中图分类号:G206;TP18
引用信息:
[1]周葆华,赵鹿鸣.个人体验与社会认知:公众对人工智能的态度及其影响因素——以对上海居民的实证研究为例[J].新闻与写作,2024,No.484(10):46-58.
基金信息:
国家社科基金项目(编号:22VRC186); 教育部重点研究基地重大项目(编号:22JJD860004); 复旦大学文科先导和创新团队项目(编号:IDH3353070)、复旦大学新闻学院科研创新项目(2023-2024); 上海数学与交叉学科研究院项目(编号:SIMIS-ID-2024-LZ)的阶段性成果
2024-10-05
2024-10-05